Principles of planning for
effective teaching of adult learners of English

Teaching English to adult learners is a unique and rewarding experience. Unlike children, adult learners bring an array of life experiences, motivations, and specific goals to the classroom. However, they also face unique challenges, such as balancing learning with work and family responsibilities. Effective planning is important to meet their needs and ensure successful learning outcomes. This lesson explores the purpose and principles of planning for teaching adult learners of English, distinguishes between different kinds of teaching and lessons, and provides practical examples and activities to reinforce learning.

Understanding the purpose and
principles of planning for effective teaching

Purpose of planning

Planning is the backbone of effective teaching. It ensures that lessons are structured, goals are clear, and learners’ needs are met. For adult learners, planning is particularly important because it:

1. Aligns with their goals: Adults often learn English for specific purposes, such as career advancement, academic study, or social integration.
2. Maximizes limited time: Many adult learners have busy schedules, so lessons must be efficient and focused.
3. Builds confidence: A well-planned lesson provides a clear path to progress, which motivates adult learners.

Principles of planning

When planning for adult learners, consider the following principles:

1. Relevance: Content should be practical and applicable to their real-life situations.
2. Flexibility: Be prepared to adapt lessons based on learners’ needs and feedback.
3. Engagement: Use activities that encourage participation and interaction.
4. Clarity: Set clear objectives and communicate them to learners.
5. Scaffolding: Build on prior knowledge and gradually increase complexity.

Activity:
Reflect on a lesson you have taught or attended. Write down three ways it could have been made more relevant or engaging for adult learners.

Distinguishing between
different kinds of teaching and lessons

Types of teaching approaches

1. Teacher-centered vs. learner-centered:
   • Teacher-centered: The instructor leads the lesson, often through lectures or direct instruction.
   • Learner-centered: Focuses on the learners’ needs, encouraging active participation and collaboration.
2. Task-Based Learning (TBL): Learners complete real-world tasks, such as writing an email or conducting a mock interview.
3. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT): Emphasizes interaction and communication over rote memorization.
4. Content-Based Instruction (CBI): Integrates language learning with subject matter, such as teaching English through business or science topics.

Types of lessons

1. Skill-based lessons: Focus on specific language skills, such as listening, speaking, reading, or writing.
   • Example: A lesson on listening comprehension using a podcast about workplace communication.
2. Integrated lessons: Combine multiple skills in one lesson.
   • Example: A lesson where learners read an article, discuss it, and write a summary.
3. Functional lessons: Teach language functions, such as making requests, giving advice, or apologizing.
   • Example: Role-playing a customer service scenario.
4. Cultural lessons: Explore cultural aspects of English-speaking countries.
   • Example: Discussing holidays like Thanksgiving and comparing them to learners’ own traditions.

Activity:
Choose a group of adult learners (e.g., professionals, immigrants, or university students). Select a teaching approach and lesson type that would best suit their needs. Justify your choice.

Selecting the most appropriate lessons for particular learners

Tailoring lessons to learner needs

To select the most appropriate lessons, consider the following factors:

1. Learner goals: Are they learning English for work, travel, or academic purposes?
2. Proficiency level: Are they beginners, intermediate, or advanced learners?
3. Learning styles: Do they prefer visual, auditory, or kinesthetic activities?
4. Context: Are they studying in a formal classroom or an informal setting?

Real-world examples

1. Example 1: A group of professionals preparing for international conferences.
   • Appropriate Lesson: A task-based lesson on delivering presentations in English, including practice with feedback.
2. Example 2: Immigrants needing everyday communication skills.
   • Appropriate Lesson: A functional lesson on asking for directions or ordering food at a restaurant.
3. Example 3: University students preparing for English proficiency exams.
   • Appropriate Lesson: A skill-based lesson on academic writing, focusing on essay structure and vocabulary.

Activity: Imagine you are teaching a group of adult learners with mixed goals (e.g., some want to improve speaking for travel, while others need writing skills for work). Design a lesson plan that accommodates both groups.

Final thoughts

Effective planning is essential for teaching adult learners of English. By understanding the purpose and principles of planning, distinguishing between different teaching approaches and lesson types, and tailoring lessons to learners’ needs, educators can create engaging and impactful learning experiences. Remember, adult learners bring unique motivations and challenges to the classroom, so flexibility and relevance are key. Use the activities provided to reflect on and apply these principles in your own teaching practice.

To your CELTA journal

Create a checklist for planning a lesson for adult learners. Include at least five items that align with the principles discussed in this article. Share your checklist with a colleague or peer for feedback.

• Next lesson: Lesson planning for effective teaching of adult learners of English
• Previous lesson: Key strategies and approaches for developing learners’ receptive and productive skills